Chng Ch Ch Tri Kim Nh

Posted on by  admin
Chng Ch Ch Tri Kim Nh Rating: 7,6/10 914 votes

View Test Prep - Chap 7 - TV from ECON 373 at Danang University of technology. Chng 7 Cc nh ch ti chnh phi ngn hng 1 Ti liu tham kho Chng 16,17,18,19, Financial Institutions, Markets & Money; David.

A perovskite solar cell (PSC[1]) is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound, most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-harvesting active layer.[2][3] Perovskite materials, such as methylammonium lead halides and all-inorganic cesium lead halide, are cheap to produce and simple to manufacture.

Solar cell efficiencies of devices using these materials have increased from 3.8% in 2009[4] to 24.2% in 2019 in single-junction architectures,[5] and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 28.0%,[5] exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells. Perovskite solar cells are therefore the fastest-advancing solar technology to date.[2] With the potential of achieving even higher efficiencies and very low production costs, perovskite solar cells have become commercially attractive.

  • 3Processing
    • 3.1Deposition methods
    • 3.2Scalability
  • 4Physics
  • 9Perovskites for tandem applications

V?i nh?ng?u th? V??t tr?i nh? M?ng NGN th?p h?n nhi?u so v?i m?ng t?ng? I chuy?n m?ch k nh,??ng th?i khi tri?n khai m?ng chuy?n m?ch m?m s? H?i c?nh tranh v? M?t cung c?p?a d?ch v? So v?i m?ng PSTN, m?ng d? Li?u truy?n th?ng. B n c?nh danh s ch c c trang web l?y c?p th ng tin c nh n (do Netcraft v Phishtank cung c?p), tr nh duy?t n y c n b? Sung danh s ch c c trang ph?n m?m gi? M?o (do C ng ty Haute Secure?

Advantages[edit]

Metal halide perovskites possess unique features that make them useful for solar cell applications. The raw materials used, and the possible fabrication methods (such as various printing techniques) are both low cost.[6] Their high absorption coefficient enables ultrathin films of around 500 nm to absorb the complete visible solar spectrum.[7] These features combined result in the possibility to create low cost, high efficiency, thin, lightweight and flexible solar modules.

Materials[edit]

Crystal structure of CH3NH3PbX3 perovskites (X=I, Br and/or Cl). The methylammonium cation (CH3NH3+) is surrounded by PbX6 octahedra.[8]

The name 'perovskite solar cell' is derived from the ABX3crystal structure of the absorber materials, which is referred to as perovskite structure. The most commonly studied perovskite absorber is methylammonium lead trihalide (CH3NH3PbX3, where X is a halogen atom such as iodine, bromine or chlorine), with an optical bandgap between 1.5 and 2.3 eV depending on halide content. Formamidinum lead trihalide (H2NCHNH2PbX3) has also shown promise, with bandgaps between 1.5 and 2.2 eV. The minimum bandgap is closer to the optimal for a single-junction cell than methylammonium lead trihalide, so it should be capable of higher efficiencies.[9] The first use of perovskite in a solid state solar cell was in a dye-sensitized cell using CsSnI3 as a p-type hole transport layer and absorber.[10]A common concern is the inclusion of lead as a component of the perovskite materials; solar cells based on tin-based perovskite absorbers such as CH3NH3SnI3 have also been reported with lower power-conversion efficiencies.[11][12][13][14]

In another recent development, solar cells based on transition metal oxide perovskites and heterostructures thereof such as LaVO3/SrTiO3 are studied.[15][16]

Rice University scientists have discovered a novel phenomenon of light-induced lattice expansion in perovskite materials.[17]

In order to overcome the instability issues with lead-based organic perovskite materials in ambient air and reduce the use of lead, perovskite derivatives, such as Cs2SnI6 double perovskite, have also been investigated.[18]

Chng ch ch tri kim nh live

Processing[edit]

Perovskite solar cells hold an advantage over traditional silicon solar cells in the simplicity of their processing and their tolerance to internal defects.[19] Traditional silicon cells require expensive, multi-step processes, conducted at high temperatures (>1000 °C) in a high vacuum in special clean room facilities.[20] Meanwhile, the organic-inorganic perovskite material can be manufactured with simpler wet chemistry techniques in a traditional lab environment. Most notably, methylammonium and formamidinium lead trihalides, also known as hybrid perovskites, have been created using a variety of solvent techniques, such as spin coating, slot-die coating, blade coating, spray coating, inkjet printing, and screen printing, electrodeposition, and vapor deposition techniques, all of which have the potential to be scaled up with relative feasibility except spin coating.[21][22][23][24]

Deposition methods[edit]

The solution-based processing method can be classified into one-step solution deposition and two-step solution deposition. In the one-step deposition, a perovskite precursor solution that is prepared by mixing lead halide and organic halide together, is directly deposited through various coating methods, such as spin, spray, blade, and slot-die coating, to form perovskite film. One-step deposition is simple, fast, and inexpensive but it’s also more challenging to control the perovskite film uniformity and quality. In the two-step deposition, the lead halide film is first deposited then reacts with organic halide to form perovskite film. The reaction takes time to complete but it can be facilitated by adding Lewis-bases or partial organic halide into lead halide precursors. In two-step deposition method, the volume expansion during the conversion of lead halide to perovskite can fill any pinholes to realize a better film quality. The vapor phase deposition can also be categorized into physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). PVD refers to the evaporation of a pervoskite or its precursor to form a thin perovskite film on the substrate, which is free of solvent. While CVD involves the reaction of organic halide vapor with the lead halide thin film to convert it into the perovskite film.

One-step solution deposition vs two-step solution deposition

One-step solution deposition[edit]

In one-step solution processing, a lead halide and a methylammonium halide can be dissolved in a solvent and spin coated onto a substrate. Subsequent evaporation and convective self-assembly during spinning results in dense layers of well crystallized perovskite material, due to the strong ionic interactions within the material (The organic component also contributes to a lower crystallization temperature). However, simple spin-coating does not yield homogenous layers, instead requiring the addition of other chemicals such as GBL, DMSO, and toluene drips.[25] Simple solution processing results in the presence of voids, platelets, and other defects in the layer, which would hinder the efficiency of a solar cell.

Another technique using room temperature solvent-solvent extraction produces high-quality crystalline films with precise control over thickness down to 20 nanometers across areas several centimeters square without generating pinholes. In this method 'perovskite precursors are dissolved in a solvent called NMP and coated onto a substrate. Then, instead of heating, the substrate is bathed in diethyl ether, a second solvent that selectively grabs the NMP solvent and whisks it away. What's left is an ultra-smooth film of perovskite crystals.'[26]

When wiring a trailer connector, it is best to wire by function, as wire colors can vary. We have an excellent wiring diagram on our website, I will provide you a. About wiring. Different wiring options depending on the trailer and vehicle set ups. 6-Pole Diagram. 7-Way Round Trailer Connector Round Pin. The 7-Way Trailer Plug is a round 2″ diameter connector that allows an additional pin for an auxiliary 12-volt power or backup lights. It is usually used for towing. Chapter 7: Towing Electrical & Wiring. Answered in this chapter: What type of wiring system does my vehicle have? How do I wire my vehicle for towing a trailer? Not sure about the wiring the 7 pin connections? Use this handy trailer wiring diagram for a quick reference for various electrical connections for trailers. 7 pin trailer wiring diagram.

In another solution processed method, the mixture of lead iodide and methylammonium halide dissolved in DMF is preheated. Then the mixture is spin coated on a substrate maintained at higher temperature. This method produces uniform films of up to 1 mm grain size.[27]

Two-step solution deposition[edit]

In 2015, a new approach[28] for forming the PbI2 nanostructure and the use of high CH3NH3I concentration have been adopted to form high quality (large crystal size and smooth) perovskite film with better photovoltaic performances. On one hand, self-assembled porous PbI2 is formed by incorporating small amounts of rationally chosen additives into the PbI2 precursor solutions, which significantly facilitate the conversion of perovskite without any PbI2 residue. On the other hand, through employing a relatively high CH3NH3I concentration, a firmly crystallized and uniform CH3NH3PbI3 film is formed. Furthermore, this is an inexpensive approach.

Vapor deposition[edit]

In vapor assisted techniques, spin coated or exfoliated lead halide is annealed in the presence of methylammonium iodide vapor at a temperature of around 150 °C.[29] This technique holds an advantage over solution processing, as it opens up the possibility for multi-stacked thin films over larger areas.[30] This could be applicable for the production of multi-junction cells. Additionally, vapor deposited techniques result in less thickness variation than simple solution processed layers. However, both techniques can result in planar thin film layers or for use in mesoscopic designs, such as coatings on a metal oxide scaffold. Such a design is common for current perovskite or dye-sensitized solar cells.

Scalability[edit]

Scalability includes not only scaling up the perovskite absorber layer, but also scaling up charge-transport layers and electrode. Both solution and vapor processes hold promise in terms of scalability. Process cost and complexity is significantly less than that of silicon solar cells. Vapor deposition or vapor assisted techniques reduce the need for use of further solvents, which reduces the risk of solvent remnants. Solution processing is cheaper. Current issues with perovskite solar cells revolve around stability, as the material is observed to degrade in standard environmental conditions, suffering drops in efficiency (See alsoStability).

In 2014, Olga Malinkiewicz presented her inkjet printing manufacturing process for perovskite sheets in Boston (US) during the MRS fall meeting – for which she received MIT Technology review's innovators under 35 award.[31] The University of Toronto also claims to have developed a low-cost Inkjet solar cell in which the perovskite raw materials are blended into a Nanosolar ‘ink’ which can be applied by an inkjet printer onto glass, plastic or other substrate materials.[32]

Scaling up the absorber layer[edit]

In order to scale up the perovskite layer while maintaining high efficiency, various techniques have been developed to coat the perovskite film more uniformly. For example, some physical approaches are developed to promote supersaturation through rapid solvent removal, thus getting more nucleations and reducing grain growth time and solute migration. Heating,[33] gas flow,[34] vacuum,[35] and anti-solvent[25] can all assist solvent removal. And chemical additives, such as chloride additives,[36] Lewis base additives,[37] surfacant additive,[38] and surface modification,[39] can influence the crystal growth to control the film mophology. For example, a recent report of surfacant additive, such as L-α-phosphatidylcholine (LP), demonstrated the suppression of solution flow by surfactants to eliminate gaps between islands and meanwhile the surface wetting improvement of perovskite ink on the hydrophobic substrate to ensure a full coverage. Besides, LP can also passivate charge traps to further enhance the device performance, which can be used in blade coating to get a high-throughput of PSCs with minimal efficiency loss.[38]

Scaling up the charge-transport layer[edit]

Scaling up the charge-transport layer is also necessary for the scalability of PSCs. Common electron transport layer (ETL) in n-i-p PSCs are TiO2, SnO2 and ZnO. Currently, to make TiO2 layer deposition be compatiable with flexible polymer substrate, low-temperature techniques, such as atomic layer deposition,[40] hydrothermal reaction,[41] and electrodeposition,[42] are developed to deposit compact TiO2 layer in large area. Same methods also apply to SnO2 deposition.As for hole transport layer (HTL), instead of commonly used PEDOT:PSS, NiOx is used as an alternative due to the water absorption of PEDOT, which can be deposited through room-temperature solution processing.[43] CuSCN is also an alternative HTL materials and can be deposited by spray coating,[44] blade coating,[45] and electrodeposition,[46] which are potentially scalable. Researchers also report a molecular doping method for scalable blading to make HTL-free PSCs.[47]

Scaling up the back electrode[edit]

Kim

Evaporation deposition of back electrode is mature and scalable but it requires vacuum. Vacuum-free deposition of back electrode is important to fully imploit the solution processibility of PSCs. Silver electrodes can be screen-printed,[48] and silver nanowire network can be spray-coated[49] as back electrode. Carbon is also a potential candidate as scalable PSCs electrode, such as graphite,[50] carbon nanotubes,[51] and graphene.[52]

Physics[edit]

An important characteristic of the most commonly used perovskite system, the methylammonium lead halides, is a bandgap controllable by the halide content.[9][53]The materials also display a diffusion length for both holes and electrons of over one micron.[54][55][56]The long diffusion length means that these materials can function effectively in a thin-film architecture, and that charges can be transported in the perovskite itself over long distances.It has recently been reported that charges in the perovskite material are predominantly present as free electrons and holes, rather than as bound excitons, since the exciton binding energy is low enough to enable charge separation at room temperature.[57][58]

Efficiency limits[edit]

Perovskite solar cell bandgaps are tunable and can be optimised for the solar spectrum by altering the halide content in the film (i.e., by mixing I and Br). The Shockley–Queisser limit radiative efficiency limit, also known as the detailed balance limit,[59][60] is about 31% under an AM1.5G solar spectrum at 1000 W/m2, for a Perovskite bandgap of 1.55 eV.[61] This is slightly smaller than the radiative limit of gallium arsenide of bandgap 1.42 eV which can reach a radiative efficiency of 33%.

Values of the detailed balance limit are available in tabulated form[61] and a MATLAB program for implementing the detailed balance model has been written.[60]

In the meantime, the drift-diffusion model has found to successfully predict the efficiency limit of perovskite solar cells, which enable us to understand the device physics in-depth, especially the radiative recombination limit and selective contact on device performance.[62] There are two prerequisites for predicting and approaching the perovskite efficiency limit. First, the intrinsic radiative recombination needs to be corrected after adopting optical designs which will significantly affect the open-circuit voltage at its Shockley–Queisser limit. Second, the contact characteristics of the electrodes need to be carefully engineered to eliminate the charge accumulation and surface recombination at the electrodes. With the two procedures, the accurate prediction of efficiency limit and precise evaluation of efficiency degradation for perovskite solar cells are attainable by the drift-diffusion model.[62]

Along with analytical calculations, there have been many first principle studies to find the characteristics of the perovskite material numerically. These include but are not limited to bandgap, effective mass, and defect levels for different perovskite materials.[63][64][65][66] Also there have some efforts to cast light on the device mechanism based on simulations where Agrawal et al.[67] suggests a modeling framework,[68] presents analysis of near ideal efficiency, and [69] talks about the importance of interface of perovskite and hole/electron transport layers. However, Sun et al.[70] tries to come up with a compact model for perovskite different structures based on experimental transport data.

Architectures[edit]

Schematic of a sensitized perovskite solar cell in which the active layer consist of a layer of mesoporousTiO2 which is coated with the perovskite absorber. The active layer is contacted with an n-type material for electron extraction and a p-type material for hole extraction. b) Schematic of a thin-film perovskite solar cell. In this architecture in which just a flat layer of perovskite is sandwiched between two selective contacts. c) Charge generation and extraction in the sensitized architecture. After light absorption in the perovskite absorber the photogenerated electron is injected into the mesoporous TiO2 through which it is extracted. The concomitantly generated hole is transferred to the p-type material. d) Charge generation and extraction in the thin-film architecture. After light absorption both charge generation as well as charge extraction occurs in the perovskite layer.

Perovskite solar cells function efficiently in a number of somewhat different architectures depending either on the role of the perovskite material in the device, or the nature of the top and bottom electrode. Devices in which positive charges are extracted by the transparent bottom electrode (cathode), can predominantly be divided into 'sensitized', where the perovskite functions mainly as a light absorber, and charge transport occurs in other materials, or 'thin-film', where most electron or hole transport occurs in the bulk of the perovskite itself. Similar to the sensitization in dye-sensitized solar cells, the perovskite material is coated onto a charge-conducting mesoporous scaffold – most commonly TiO2 – as light-absorber. The photogenerated electrons are transferred from the perovskite layer to the mesoporous sensitized layer through which they are transported to the electrode and extracted into the circuit. The thin film solar cell architecture is based on the finding that perovskite materials can also act as highly efficient, ambipolar charge-conductor.[54]

After light absorption and the subsequent charge-generation, both negative and positive charge carrier are transported through the perovskite to charge selective contacts. Perovskite solar cells emerged from the field of dye-sensitized solar cells, so the sensitized architecture was that initially used, but over time it has become apparent that they function well, if not ultimately better, in a thin-film architecture.[71] More recently, some researchers also successfully demonstrated the possibility of fabricating flexible devices with perovskites,[72][73][74] which makes it more promising for flexible energy demand. Certainly, the aspect of UV-induced degradation in the sensitized architecture may be detrimental for the important aspect of long-term stability.

There is another different class of architectures, in which the transparent electrode at the bottom acts as cathode by collecting the photogenerated p-type charge carriers.[75]

History[edit]

These perovskite materials have been well known for many years, but the first incorporation into a solar cell was reported by Tsutomu Miyasaka et al. in 2009.[4]This was based on a dye-sensitized solar cell architecture, and generated only 3.8% power conversion efficiency (PCE) with a thin layer of perovskite on mesoporous TiO2 as electron-collector. Moreover, because a liquid corrosive electrolyte was used, the cell was only stable for a matter of minutes. Park et al. improved upon this in 2011, using the same dye-sensitized concept, achieving 6.5% PCE.[76]

A breakthrough came in 2012, when Henry Snaith and Mike Lee from the University of Oxford realised that the perovskite was stable if contacted with a solid-state hole transporter such as spiro-OMeTAD and did not require the mesoporous TiO2 layer in order to transport electrons.[77][78]They showed that efficiencies of almost 10% were achievable using the 'sensitized' TiO2 architecture with the solid-state hole transporter, but higher efficiencies, above 10%, were attained by replacing it with an inert scaffold.[79]Further experiments in replacing the mesoporous TiO2 with Al2O3 resulted in increased open-circuit voltage and a relative improvement in efficiency of 3–5% more than those with TiO2 scaffolds.[30]This led to the hypothesis that a scaffold is not needed for electron extraction, which was later proved correct. This realisation was then closely followed by a demonstration that the perovskite itself could also transport holes, as well as electrons.[80]A thin-film perovskite solar cell, with no mesoporous scaffold, of > 10% efficiency was achieved.[71][81][82]

In 2013 both the planar and sensitized architectures saw a number of developments.Burschka et al. demonstrated a deposition technique for the sensitized architecture exceeding 15% efficiency by a two-step solution processing,[83] At a similar time Olga Malinkiewicz et al, and Liu et al. showed that it was possible to fabricate planar solar cells by thermal co-evaporation, achieving more than 12% and 15% efficiency in a p-i-n and an n-i-p architecture respectively.[84][85][86]Docampo et al. also showed that it was possible to fabricate perovskite solar cells in the typical 'organic solar cell' architecture, an 'inverted' configuration with the hole transporter below and the electron collector above the perovskite planar film.[87]

A range of new deposition techniques and even higher efficiencies were reported in 2014. A reverse-scan efficiency of 19.3% was claimed by Yang Yang at UCLA using the planar thin-film architecture.[88] In November 2014, a device by researchers from KRICT achieved a record with the certification of a non-stabilized efficiency of 20.1%.[5]

In December 2015, a new record efficiency of 21.0% was achieved by researchers at EPFL.[5]

As of March 2016, researchers from KRICT and UNIST hold the highest certified record for a single-junction perovskite solar cell with 22.1%.[5]

In 2018, a new record was set by researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences with a certified efficiency of 23.3%.[5]

June 2018 Oxford Photovoltaics 1 cm2 perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell has achieved a 27.3% conversion efficiency, certified by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE. This exceeds the 26.7% efficiency world record for a single-junction silicon solar cell.

Stability[edit]

One big challenge for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is the aspect of short-term and long-term stability. The instability of PSCs is mainly related to environmental influence (moisture and oxygen),[89][90] thermal influence (intrinsic stability),[91] heating under applied voltage,[92] photo influence (Ultraviolet light)[93] (Visible light)[94] and mechanical fragility.[95] Several studies about PSCs stability have been performed and some elements have been proven to be important to the PSCs stability.[96][97] However, there is no standard 'operational' stability protocol for PSCs.[93] But a method to quantify the intrinsic chemical stability of hybrid halide perovskites has been recently proposed.[98]

The water-solubility of the organic constituent of the absorber material make devices highly prone to rapid degradation in moist environments.[99] The degradation which is caused by moisture can be reduced by optimizing the constituent materials, the architecture of the cell, the interfaces and the environment conditions during the fabrication steps.[93] Encapsulating the perovskite absorber with a composite of carbon nanotubes and an inert polymer matrix has been demonstrated to successfully prevent the immediate degradation of the material when exposed to moist ambient air at elevated temperatures.[99][100] However, no long term studies and comprehensive encapsulation techniques have yet been demonstrated for perovskite solar cells. Besides moisture instability, it has also been shown that the embodiment of devices in which a mesoporous TiO2 layer is sensitized with the perovskite absorber exhibits UV light induced instability.[101] The cause for the observed decline in device performance of those solar cells is linked to the interaction between photogenerated holes inside the TiO2 and oxygen radicals on the surface of TiO2.[101]

The measured ultra low thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/(Km) at room temperature in CH3NH3PbI3 can prevent fast propagation of the light deposited heat, and keep the cell resistive on thermal stresses that can reduce its life time.[102] The PbI2 residue in perovskite film has been experimentally demonstrated to have a negative effect on the long-term stability of devices.[28] The stabilization problem is claimed to be solved by replacing the organic transport layer with a metal oxide layer, allowing the cell to retain 90% capacity after 60 days.[103][104] Besides, the two instabilities issues can be solved by using multifunctional fluorinated photopolymer coatings that confer luminescent and easy-cleaning features on the front side of the devices, while concurrently forming a strongly hydrophobic barrier toward environmental moisture on the back contact side.[105] The front coating can prevent the UV light of the whole incident solar spectrum from negatively interacting with the PSC stack by converting it into visible light, and the back layer can prevent water from permeation within the solar cell stack. The resulting devices demonstrated excellent stability in terms of power conversion efficiencies during a 180-day aging test in the lab and a real outdoor condition test for more than 3 months.[105]

In July 2015, major hurdles were that the largest perovskite solar cell was only the size of a fingernail and that they degraded quickly in moist environments.[106] However, researchers from EPFL published in June 2017, a work successfully demonstrating large scale perovskite solar modules with no observed degradation over one year.[107] Now, together with other organizations, the research team aims to develop a fully printable perovskite solar cell with 22% efficiency and with 90% of performance after ageing tests.[108]

The intrinsic fragility of the perovskite material requires extrinsic reinforcement to shield this crucial layer from mechanical stresses. Insertion of mechanically reinforcing scaffolds directly into the active layers of perovskite solar cells resulted in the compound solar cell formed exhibiting a 30-fold increase in fracture resistance, repositioning the fracture properties of perovskite solar cells into the same domain as conventional c-Si, CIGS and CdTe solar cells.[109]

Hysteretic current-voltage behavior[edit]

Another major challenge for perovskite solar cells is the observation that current-voltage scans yield ambiguous efficiency values.[110][111]The power conversion efficiency of a solar cell is usually determined by characterizing its current-voltage (IV) behavior under simulated solar illumination. In contrast to other solar cells, however, it has been observed that the IV-curves of perovskite solar cells show a hysteretic behavior: depending on scanning conditions – such as scan direction, scan speed, light soaking, biasing – there is a discrepancy between the scan from forward-bias to short-circuit (FB-SC) and the scan from short-circuit to forward bias (SC-FB).[110] Various causes have been proposed such as ion movement, polarization, ferroelectric effects, filling of trap states,[111] however, the exact origin for the hysteretic behavior is yet to be determined. But it appears that determining the solar cell efficiency from IV-curves risks producing inflated values if the scanning parameters exceed the time-scale which the perovskite system requires in order to reach an electronic steady-state. Two possible solutions have been proposed: Unger et al. show that extremely slow voltage-scans allow the system to settle into steady-state conditions at every measurement point which thus eliminates any discrepancy between the FB-SC and the SC-FB scan.[111]

Henry Snaith et al. have proposed 'stabilized power output' as a metric for the efficiency of a solar cell. This value is determined by holding the tested device at a constant voltage around the maximum power-point (where the product of voltage and photocurrent reaches its maximum value) and track the power-output until it reaches a constant value.Both methods have been demonstrated to yield lower efficiency values when compared to efficiencies determined by fast IV-scans.[110][111] However, initial studies have been published that show that surface passivation of the perovskite absorber is an avenue with which efficiency values can be stabilized very close to fast-scan efficiencies.[112][113]No obvious hysteresis of photocurrent was observed by changing the sweep rates or the direction in devices or the sweep rates. This indicates that the origin of hysteresis in photocurrent is more likely due to the trap formation in some non optimized films and device fabrication processes. The ultimate way to examine the efficiency of a solar cell device is to measure its power output at the load point. If there is large density of traps in the devices or photocurrent hysteresis for other reasons, the photocurrent would rise slowly upon turning on illumination[75] This suggests that the interfaces might play a crucial role with regards to the hysteretic IV behavior since the major difference of the inverted architecture to the regular architectures is that an organic n-type contact is used instead of a metal oxide.

The observation of hysteretic current-voltage characteristics has thus far been largely underreported. Only a small fraction of publications acknowledge the hysteretic behavior of the described devices, even fewer articles show slow non-hysteretic IV curves or stabilized power outputs. Reported efficiencies, based on rapid IV-scans, have to be considered fairly unreliable and make it currently difficult to genuinely assess the progress of the field.

The ambiguity in determining the solar cell efficiency from current-voltage characteristics due to the observed hysteresis has also affected the certification process done by accredited laboratories such as NREL. The record efficiency of 20.1% for perovskite solar cells accepted as certified value by NREL in November 2014, has been classified as 'not stabilized'.[5] To be able to compare results from different institution, it is necessary to agree on a reliable measurement protocol, as it has been proposed by [114] including the corresponding Matlab code which can be found at GitHub.[115]

Perovskites for tandem applications[edit]

A perovskite cell combined with bottom cell such as Si or copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) as a tandem design can suppress individual cell bottlenecks and take advantage of the complementary characteristics to enhance the efficiency.[116] This type of cells have higher efficiency potential, and therefore attracted recently a large attention from academic researchers.[117][118][119]

4-terminal tandems[edit]

Using a four terminal configuration in which the two sub-cells are electrically isolated, Bailie et al.[120] obtained a 17% and 18.6% efficient tandem cell with mc-Si (η ~ 11%) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS, η ~ 17%) bottom cells, respectively. A 13.4% efficient tandem cell with a highly efficient a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction bottom cell using the same configuration was obtained.[121] The application of TCO-based transparent electrodes to perovskite cells allowed to fabricate near-infrared transparent devices with improved efficiency and lower parasitic absorption losses.[122][123][124][125] The application of these cells in 4-terminal tandems allowed improved efficiencies up to 26.7% when using a silicon bottom cell[125][126] and up to 23.9% with a CIGS bottom cell.[127]

2-terminal tandems[edit]

Mailoa et al. started the efficiency race for monolithic 2-terminal tandems using an homojunction c-Si bottom cell and demonstrate a 13.7% cell, largely limited by parasitic absorption losses.[128] Then, Albrecht et al. developed a low-temperature processed perovskite cells using a SnO2 electron transport layer. This allowed the use of silicon heterojunction solar cells as bottom cell and tandem efficiencies up to 18.1%.[129] Werner et al. then improved this performance replacing the SnO2 layer with PCBM and introducing a sequential hybrid deposition method for the perovskite absorber, leading to a tandem cell with 21.2% efficiency.[130] Important parasitic absorption losses due to the use of Spiro-OMeTAD were still limiting the overall performance. An important change was demonstrated by Bush et al., who inverted the polarity of the top cell (n-i-p to p-i-n). They used a bilayer of SnO2 and zinc tin oxide (ZTO) processed by ALD to work as a sputtering buffer layer, which enables the following deposition of a transparent top indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. This change helped to improve the environmental and thermal stability of the perovskite cell[131] and was crucial to further improve the perovskite/silicon tandem performance to 23.6%.[132]

In the continuity, using a p-i-n perovskite top cell, Sahli et al. demonstrated in June 2018 a fully textured monolithic tandem cell with 25.2% efficiency, independently certified by Fraunhofer ISE CalLab.[133] This improved efficiency can largely be attributed to the massively reduced reflection losses (below 2% in the range 360 nm-1000 nm, excluding metallization) and reduced parasitic absorption losses, leading to certified short-circuit currents of 19.5 mA/cm2. Also in June 2018 the company Oxford Photovoltaics presented a cell with 27.3% efficiency.[134] The record currently stands at 28% as of December 2018.[citation needed]

Theoretical modelling[edit]

There have been some efforts to predict the theoretical limits for these traditional tandem designs using a perovskite cell as top cell on a c-Si[135] or a-Si/c-Si heterojunction bottom cell.[136] To show that the output power can be even further enhanced, bifacial structures were studied as well. It was concluded that extra output power can be extracted from the bifacial structure as compared to a bifacial HIT cell when the albedo reflection takes on values between 10 and 40%, which are realistic.[137]

Up-scaling[edit]

In May 2016, IMEC and its partner Solliance announced a tandem structure with a semi-transparent perovskite cell stacked on top of a back-contacted silicon cell.[138] A combined power conversion efficiency of 20.2% was claimed, with the potential to exceed 30%.

All-perovskite tandems[edit]

In 2016, the development of efficient low-bandgap (1.2 - 1.3eV) perovskite materials and the fabrication of efficient devices based on these enabled a new concept: all-perovskite tandem solar cells, where two perovskite compounds with different bandgaps are stacked on top of each other. The first two- and four-terminal devices with this architecture reported in the literature achieved efficiencies of 17% and 20.3%.[139] All-perovskite tandem cells offer the prospect of being the first fully solution-processable architecture that has a clear route to exceeding not only the efficiencies of silicon, but also GaAs and other expensive III-V semiconductor solar cells.

In 2017, Dewei Zhao et al. fabricated low-bandgap (~1.25 eV) mixed Sn-Pb perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) with the thickness of 620 nm, which enables larger grains and higher crystallinity to extend the carrier lifetimes to more than 250 ns, reaching a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.6%. Furthermore, this low-bandgap PVSC reached an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of more than 70% in the wavelength range of 700–900 nm, the essential infrared spectral region where sunlight transmitted to bottom cell. They also combined the bottom cell with a ~1.58 eV bandgap perovskite top cell to create an all-perovskite tandem solar cell with four terminals, obtaining a steady-state PCE of 21.0%, suggesting the possibility of fabricating high-efficiency all-perovskite tandem solar cells.[140]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Chen, Po-Yen; Qi, Jifa; Klug, Matthew T.; Dang, Xiangnan; Hammond, Paula T.; Belcher, Angela M. (2014). 'Environmentally responsible fabrication of efficient perovskite solar cells from recycled car batteries'. Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (11): 3659–3665. doi:10.1039/C4EE00965G. ISSN1754-5692.
  2. ^ abManser, Joseph S. and Christians, Jeffrey A. and Kamat, Prashant V. (2016). 'Intriguing Optoelectronic Properties of Metal Halide Perovskites'. Chemical Reviews. 116 (21): 12956–13008. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00136. PMID27327168.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^Laurel Hamers (July 26, 2017). 'Perovskites power up the solar industry'. Sciencenews.org. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
  4. ^ abKojima, Akihiro; Teshima, Kenjiro; Shirai, Yasuo; Miyasaka, Tsutomu (May 6, 2009). 'Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells'. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (17): 6050–6051. doi:10.1021/ja809598r. PMID19366264.
  5. ^ abcdefg'NREL efficiency chart'(PDF).
  6. ^Stefano Razza, Sergio Castro-Hermosa, Aldo Di Carlo, and Thomas M. Brown (2016). 'Research Update: Large-area deposition, coating, printing, and processing techniques for the upscaling of perovskite solar cell technology'. APL Materials. 4 (91508): 091508. Bibcode:2016APLM..4i1508R. doi:10.1063/1.4962478.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^Wan-Jian Yin, Tingting Shi, Yanfa Yan (15 May 2014). 'Unique Properties of Halide Perovskites as Possible Origins of the Superior Solar Cell Performance'. Advanced Materials. 26 (27): 4653–4658. doi:10.1002/adma.201306281. PMID24827122.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^Eames, Christopher; Frost, Jarvist M.; Barnes, Piers R. F.; o'Regan, Brian C.; Walsh, Aron; Islam, M. Saiful (2015). 'Ionic transport in hybrid lead iodide perovskite solar cells'. Nature Communications. 6: 7497. Bibcode:2015NatCo..6E7497E. doi:10.1038/ncomms8497. PMC4491179. PMID26105623.
  9. ^ abEperon, Giles E.; Stranks, Samuel D.; Menelaou, Christopher; Johnston, Michael B.; Herz, Laura M.; Snaith, Henry J. (2014). 'Formamidinium lead trihalide: a broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells'. Energy & Environmental Science. 7 (3): 982. doi:10.1039/C3EE43822H.
  10. ^Chung, I.; Lee, B.; He, J.; Chang, R.P.H; Kanatzidis, M.G. (2012). 'All-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with High Efficiency'. Nature. 485 (7399): 486–489. Bibcode:2012Natur.485.486C. doi:10.1038/nature11067. PMID22622574.
  11. ^Noel, Nakita K.; Stranks, Samuel D.; Abate, Antonio; Wehrenfennig, Christian; Guarnera, Simone; Haghighirad, Amir-Abbas; Sadhanala, Aditya; Eperon, Giles E.; Pathak, Sandeep K.; Johnston, Michael B.; Petrozza, Annamaria; Herz, Laura M.; Snaith, Henry J. (May 1, 2014). 'Lead-free organic–inorganic tin halide perovskites for photovoltaic applications'. Energy & Environmental Science. 7 (9): 3061. doi:10.1039/C4EE01076K.
  12. ^Wilcox, Kevin (May 13, 2014). 'Solar Researchers Find Promise in Tin Perovskite Line'. Civil Engineering. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
  13. ^Meehan, Chris (May 5, 2014). 'Getting the lead out of Perovskite Solar Cells'. Solar Reviews.
  14. ^Hao, F.; Stoumpos, C.C.; Cao, D.H.; Chang, R.P.H.; Kanatzidis, M.G. (2014). 'Lead-free solid-state organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells'. Nature Photonics. 8 (6): 489–494. Bibcode:2014NaPho..8.489H. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2014.82.
  15. ^Elias Assmann; Peter Blaha; Robert Laskowski; Karsten Held; Satoshi Okamoto & Giorgio Sangiovanni (2013). 'Oxide Heterostructures for Efficient Solar Cells'. Phys. Rev. Lett.110 (7): 078701. arXiv:1301.1314. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.110g8701A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.078701. PMID25166418.
  16. ^Lingfei Wang; Yongfeng Li; Ashok Bera; Chun Ma; Feng Jin; Kaidi Yuan; Wanjian Yin; Adrian David; Wei Chen; Wenbin Wu; Wilfrid Prellier; Suhuai Wei & Tom Wu (2015). 'Device Performance of the Mott Insulator LaVO3 as a Photovoltaic Material'. Physical Review Applied. 3 (6): 064015. Bibcode:2015PhRvP..3f4015W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.3.064015.
  17. ^'Light 'relaxes' crystal to boost solar cell efficiency'. news.rice.edu.
  18. ^Ke, Jack Chun-Ren; Lewis, David J.; Walton, Alex S.; Spencer, Ben F.; O'Brien, Paul; Thomas, Andrew G.; Flavell, Wendy R. (2018). 'Ambient-air-stable inorganic Cs2SnI6 double perovskite thin films via aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition'. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 6 (24): 11205. doi:10.1039/c8ta03133a. ISSN2050-7488.
  19. ^Jun, Kang (10 January 2017). 'High Defect Tolerance in Lead Halide Perovskite CsPbBr3'. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters.
  20. ^Is Perovskite the Future of Solar Cells?. engineering.com. December 6, 2013
  21. ^Saidaminov, Makhsud I.; Abdelhady, Ahmed L.; Murali, Banavoth; Alarousu, Erkki; Burlakov, Victor M.; Peng, Wei; Dursun, Ibrahim; Wang, Lingfei; He, Yao; MacUlan, Giacomo; Goriely, Alain; Wu, Tom; Mohammed, Omar F.; Bakr, Osman M. (2015). 'High-quality bulk hybrid perovskite single crystals within minutes by inverse temperature crystallization'. Nature Communications. 6: 7586. Bibcode:2015NatCo..6E7586S. doi:10.1038/ncomms8586. PMC4544059. PMID26145157.
  22. ^Snaith, Henry J. (2013). 'Perovskites: The Emergence of a New Era for Low-Cost, High-Efficiency Solar Cells'. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 4 (21): 3623–3630. doi:10.1021/jz4020162.
  23. ^Jung, Yen‐Sook; Hwang, Kyeongil; Heo, Youn‐Jung; Kim, Jueng‐Eun; Vak, Doojin; Kim, Dong‐Yu (2018). 'Progress in Scalable Coating and Roll‐to‐Roll Compatible Printing Processes of Perovskite Solar Cells toward Realization of Commercialization'. Advanced Optical Materials. 6 (9): 1701182. doi:10.1002/adom.201701182.
  24. ^Li, Zhen; Klein, Talysa R.; Kim, Dong Hoe; Yang, Mengjin; Berry, Joseph J.; Hest, Maikel F. A. M. van; Zhu, Kai (2018). 'Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells'. Nature Reviews Materials. 3 (4): 18017. Bibcode:2018NatRM..318017L. doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2018.17.
  25. ^ abJeon, Nam Joong; Noh, Jun Hong; Kim, Young Chan; Yang, Woon Seok; Ryu, Seungchan; Seok, Sang Il (2014). 'Solvent engineering for high-performance inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells'. Nature Materials. 13 (9): 897–903. Bibcode:2014NatMa.13.897J. doi:10.1038/nmat4014. PMID24997740.
  26. ^Zhou, Yuanyuan; Yang, Mengjin; Wu, Wenwen; Vasiliev, Alexander L.; Zhu, Kai; Padture, Nitin P. (2015). 'Room-temperature crystallization of hybrid-perovskite thin films via solvent–solvent extraction for high-performance solar cells'. J. Mater. Chem. A. 3 (15): 8178–8184. doi:10.1039/C5TA00477B.
  27. ^Nie, Wanyi; Tsai, Hsinhan; Asadpour, Reza; Blancon, Jean-Christophe; Neukirch, Amanda J.; Gupta, Gautam; Crochet, Jared J.; Chhowalla, Manish; Tretiak, Sergei (2015-01-30). 'High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains'. Science. 347 (6221): 522–525. Bibcode:2015Sci..347.522N. doi:10.1126/science.aaa0472. PMID25635093.
  28. ^ abZhang, Hong; Choy, C.H.Wallace (2015). 'A Smooth CH3NH3PbI3 Film via a New Approach for Forming the PbI2 Nanostructure Together with Strategically High CH3NH3I Concentration for High Efficient Planar-Heterojunction Solar Cells'. Adv. Energy Mater. 5 (23): 1501354. doi:10.1002/aenm.201501354.
  29. ^Chen, Qi; Zhou, Huanping; Hong, Ziruo; Luo, Song; Duan, Hsin-Sheng; Wang, Hsin-Hua; Liu, Yongsheng; Li, Gang; Yang, Yang (2014). 'Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells via Vapor-Assisted Solution Process'. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (2): 622–625. doi:10.1021/ja411509g. PMID24359486.
  30. ^ abLiu, Mingzhen; Johnston, Michael B.; Snaith, Henry J. (2013). 'Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition'. Nature. 501 (7467): 395–8. Bibcode:2013Natur.501.395L. doi:10.1038/nature12509. PMID24025775.
  31. ^'Olga Malinkiewicz Innovators Under 35'. innovatorsunder35.com. 2015.
  32. ^Printable solar cells just got a little closer. Univ. of Toronto Engineering News (2017-02-16). Retrieved on 2018-04-11.
  33. ^Liao, Hsueh‐Chung; Guo, Peijun; Hsu, Che‐Pu; Lin, Ma; Wang, Binghao; Zeng, Li; Huang, Wei; Soe, Chan Myae Myae; Su, Wei‐Fang; Bedzyk, Michael J.; Wasielewski, Michael R.; Facchetti, Antonio; Chang, Robert P. H.; Kanatzidis, Mercouri G.; Marks, Tobin J. (2016). 'Enhanced Efficiency of Hot‐Cast Large‐Area Planar Perovskite Solar Cells/Modules Having Controlled Chloride Incorporation'. Advanced Energy Materials. 7 (8): 1601660. doi:10.1002/aenm.201601660.
  34. ^Gao, Li-Li; Li, Cheng-Xin; Li, Chang-Jiu; Yang, Guan-Jun (2017). 'Large-area high-efficiency perovskite solar cells based on perovskite films dried by the multi-flow air knife method in air'. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 5 (4): 1548–1557. doi:10.1039/C6TA09565H.
  35. ^Li, Xiong; Bi, Dongqin; Yi, Chenyi; Décoppet, Jean-David; Luo, Jingshan; Zakeeruddin, Shaik Mohammed; Hagfeldt, Anders; Grätzel, Michael (2016). 'EA vacuum flash–assisted solution process for high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells'. Science. 353 (6294): 58–62. doi:10.1126/science.aaf8060. PMID27284168.
  36. ^Lee, Michael M.; Teuscher, Joël; Miyasaka, Tsutomu; Murakami, Takurou N.; Snaith, Henry J. (2012). 'Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites'. Science. 338 (6107): 643–647. Bibcode:2012Sci..338.643L. doi:10.1126/science.1228604. PMID23042296.
  37. ^Lee, Jin-Wook; Kim, Hui-Seon; Park, Nam-Gyu (2016). 'Lewis Acid–Base Adduct Approach for High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells'. Accounts of Chemical Research. 49 (2): 311–319. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00440. PMID26797391.
  38. ^ abDeng, Yehao; Zheng, Xiaopeng; Bai, Yang; Wang, Qi; Zhao, Jingjing; Huang, Jinsong (2018). 'Surfactant-controlled ink drying enables high-speed deposition of perovskite films for efficient photovoltaic modules'. Nature Energy. 3 (7): 560–566. Bibcode:2018NatEn..3.560D. doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0153-9.
  39. ^Wang, Zhao-Kui; Gong, Xiu; Li, Meng; Hu, Yun; Wang, Jin-Miao; Ma, Heng; Liao, Liang-Sheng (2016). 'Induced Crystallization of Perovskites by a Perylene Underlayer for High-Performance Solar Cells'. ACS Nano. 10 (5): 5479–5489. doi:10.1021/acsnano.6b01904. PMID27128850.
  40. ^Francesco Di Giacomo, Valerio Zardetto, Alessandra D'Epifanio, Sara Pescetelli, Fabio Matteocci, Stefano Razza, Aldo Di Carlo, Silvia Licoccia, Wilhelmus M. M. Kessels, Mariadriana Creatore, Thomas M. Brown (2015). 'Flexible Perovskite Photovoltaic Modules and Solar Cells Based on Atomic Layer Deposited Compact Layers and UV‐Irradiated TiO2 Scaffolds on Plastic Substrates'. Advanced Energy Materials. 5 (8): 1401808. doi:10.1002/aenm.201401808.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^Azhar Fakharuddin, Francesco Di Giacomo, Alessandro L. Palma, Fabio Matteocci, Irfan Ahmed, Stefano Razza, Alessandra D’Epifanio, Silvia Licoccia, Jamil Ismail, Aldo Di Carlo, Thomas M. Brown, and Rajan Jose (2015). 'Vertical TiO2 Nanorods as a Medium for Stable and High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Modules'. ACS Nano. 9 (8): 8420–8429. doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b03265. PMID26208221.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  42. ^Tzu-Sen Su, Tsung-Yu Hsieh, Cheng-You Hong & Tzu-Chien Wei (2015). 'Electrodeposited Ultrathin TiO2 Blocking Layers for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells'. Scientific Reports. 5: 16098. Bibcode:2015NatSR..516098S. doi:10.1038/srep16098. PMC4630649. PMID26526771.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ^Yi Hou, Wei Chen, Derya Baran, Tobias Stubhan, Norman A. Luechinger, Benjamin Hartmeier, Moses Richter, Jie Min, Shi Chen, Cesar Omar Ramirez Quiroz, Ning Li, Hong Zhang, Thomas Heumueller, Gebhard J. Matt, Andres Osvet, Karen Forberich, Zhi‐Guo Zhang, Yongfang Li, Benjamin Winter, Peter Schweizer, Erdmann Spiecker, Christoph J. Brabec (2016). 'Overcoming the interface losses in planar heterojunction perovskite-based solar cells'. Advanced Materials. 28 (25): 5112–5120. doi:10.1002/adma.201504168. PMID27144875.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^In Seok Yang, Mi Rae Sohn, Sang Do Sung, Yong Joo Kim, Young Jun Yoo, Jeongho Kim, Wan In Lee (2017). 'Formation of pristine CuSCN layer by spray deposition method for efficient perovskite solar cell with extended stability'. Nano Energy. 32: 414–421. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.12.059.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. ^Peng Qin, Soichiro Tanaka, Seigo Ito, Nicolas Tetreault, Kyohei Manabe, Hitoshi Nishino, Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin & Michael Grätzel (2014). 'Inorganic hole conductor-based lead halide perovskite solar cells with 12.4% conversion efficiency'. Nature Communications. 5: 3834. Bibcode:2014NatCo..5E3834Q. doi:10.1038/ncomms4834. PMID24815001.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ^Senyun Ye, Weihai Sun, Yunlong Li, Weibo Yan, Haitao Peng, Zuqiang Bian, Zhiwei Liu, and Chunhui Huang (2015). 'CuSCN-Based Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cell with an Average PCE of 15.6%'. Nano Letters. 15 (6): 3723–3728. Bibcode:2015NanoL.15.3723Y. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00116. PMID25938881.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  47. ^Wu-Qiang Wu, Qi Wang, Yanjun Fang, Yuchuan Shao, Shi Tang, Yehao Deng, Haidong Lu, Ye Liu, Tao Li, Zhibin Yang, Alexei Gruverman & Jinsong Huang (2018). 'Molecular doping enabled scalable blading of efficient hole-transport-layer-free perovskite solar cells'. Nature Communications. 9 (1): 1625. Bibcode:2018NatCo..9.1625W. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04028-8. PMC5915422. PMID29691390.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  48. ^Thomas M. Schmidt, Thue T. Larsen‐Olsen, Jon E. Carlé, Dechan Angmo, Frederik C. Krebs (2015). 'Upscaling of Perovskite Solar Cells: Fully Ambient Roll Processing of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells with Printed Back Electrodes'. Advanced Energy Materials. 5 (15): 1625. doi:10.1002/aenm.201500569.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ^Chih-Yu Chang, Kuan-Ting Lee, Wen-Kuan Huang, Hao-Yi Siao, and Yu-Chia Chang (2015). 'High-Performance, Air-Stable, Low-Temperature Processed Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Atomic Layer Deposition'. Chemistry of Materials. 7 (14): 5122–5130. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b01933.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^Zhiliang Ku, Yaoguang Rong, Mi Xu, Tongfa Liu & Hongwei Han (2013). 'Full Printable Processed Mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 Heterojunction Solar Cells with Carbon Counter Electrode'. Chemistry of Materials. 3: 3132. doi:10.1038/srep03132. PMC3816285. PMID24185501.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ^Zhen Li, Sneha A. Kulkarni, Pablo P. Boix, Enzheng Shi, Anyuan Cao, Kunwu Fu, Sudip K. Batabyal, Jun Zhang, Qihua Xiong, Lydia Helena Wong, Nripan Mathews, and Subodh G. Mhaisalkar (2014). 'Laminated Carbon Nanotube Networks for Metal Electrode-Free Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells'. ACS Nano. 8 (7): 6797–6804. doi:10.1021/nn501096h. PMID24924308.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^Peng You, Zhike Liu, Qidong Tai, Shenghua Liu, Feng Yan (2015). 'Efficient Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells with Graphene Electrodes'. Advanced Materials. 27 (24): 3632–3638. doi:10.1002/adma.201501145. PMID25969400.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  53. ^Noh, Jun Hong; Im, Sang Hyuk; Heo, Jin Hyuck; Mandal, Tarak N.; Seok, Sang Il (March 21, 2013). 'Chemical Management for Colorful, Efficient, and Stable Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Nanostructured Solar Cells'. Nano Letters. 13 (4): 1764–9. Bibcode:2013NanoL.13.1764N. doi:10.1021/nl400349b. PMID23517331.
  54. ^ abStranks, S. D.; Eperon, G. E.; Grancini, G.; Menelaou, C.; Alcocer, M. J. P.; Leijtens, T.; Herz, L. M.; Petrozza, A.; et al. (October 17, 2013). 'Electron-Hole Diffusion Lengths Exceeding 1 Micrometer in an Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Absorber'. Science. 342 (6156): 341–344. Bibcode:2013Sci..342.341S. doi:10.1126/science.1243982. PMID24136964.
  55. ^'Oxford Researchers Creating Simpler, Cheaper Solar Cells'. SciTechDaily.com. November 12, 2013.
  56. ^Liu, Shuhao; Wang, Lili; Lin, Wei-Chun; Sucharitakul, Sukrit; Burda, Clemens; Gao, Xuan P. A. (2016-12-14). 'Imaging the Long Transport Lengths of Photo-generated Carriers in Oriented Perovskite Films'. Nano Letters. 16 (12): 7925–7929. arXiv:1610.06165. Bibcode:2016NanoL.16.7925L. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04235. PMID27960525.
  57. ^D’Innocenzo, Valerio; Grancini, Giulia; Alcocer, Marcelo J. P.; Kandada, Ajay Ram Srimath; Stranks, Samuel D.; Lee, Michael M.; Lanzani, Guglielmo; Snaith, Henry J.; et al. (April 8, 2014). 'Excitons versus free charges in organo-lead tri-halide perovskites'. Nature Communications. 5: 3586. Bibcode:2014NatCo..5E3586D. doi:10.1038/ncomms4586. PMID24710005.
  58. ^Collavini, S., Völker, S. F. and Delgado, J. L. (2015). 'Understanding the Outstanding Power Conversion Efficiency of Perovskite-Based Solar Cells'. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 54 (34): 9757–9759. doi:10.1002/anie.201505321. PMID26213261.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ^Sha, Wei E. I.; Ren, Xingang; Chen, Luzhou; Choy, Wallace C. H. (2015). 'The efficiency limit of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite solar cells'. Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 (22): 221104. arXiv:1506.09003. Bibcode:2015ApPhL.106v1104S. doi:10.1063/1.4922150.
  60. ^ abSha, Wei E. I. (2016). 'MATLAB Program of Detailed Balance Model for Perovskite Solar Cells' (Data Set). Unpublished. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.17132.36481.
  61. ^ abRühle, Sven (2016-02-08). 'Tabulated Values of the Shockley-Queisser Limit for Single Junction Solar Cells'. Solar Energy. 130: 139–147. Bibcode:2016SoEn.130.139R. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.02.015.
  62. ^ abRen, Xingang; Wang, Zishuai; Sha, Wei E. I.; Choy, Wallace C. H. (2017). 'Exploring the Way To Approach the Efficiency Limit of Perovskite Solar Cells by Drift-Diffusion Model'. ACS Photonics. 4 (4): 934–942. arXiv:1703.07576. Bibcode:2017arXiv170307576R. doi:10.1021/acsphotonics.6b01043.
  63. ^Mosconi, Edoardo; Amat, Anna; Nazeeruddin, Md. K.; Grätzel, Michael; Angelis, Filippo De (2013-07-01). 'First-Principles Modeling of Mixed Halide Organometal Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications'. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 117 (27): 13902–13913. doi:10.1021/jp4048659.
  64. ^Lang, Li; Yang, Ji-Hui; Liu, Heng-Rui; Xiang, H. J.; Gong, X. G. (2014-01-10). 'First-principles study on the electronic and optical properties of cubic ABX3 halide perovskites'. Physics Letters A. 378 (3): 290–293. arXiv:1309.0070. Bibcode:2014PhLA.378.290L. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2013.11.018.
  65. ^Gonzalez-Pedro, Victoria; Juarez-Perez, Emilio J.; Arsyad, Waode-Sukmawati; Barea, Eva M.; Fabregat-Santiago, Francisco; Mora-Sero, Ivan; Bisquert, Juan (2014-01-10). 'General Working Principles of CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 Perovskite Solar Cells'. Nano Letters. 14 (2): 888–893. Bibcode:2014NanoL.14.888G. doi:10.1021/nl404252e. hdl:10234/131066. PMID24397375.
  66. ^Umari, Paolo; Mosconi, Edoardo; Angelis, Filippo De (2014-03-26). 'Relativistic GW calculations on CH3NH3PbI3 and CH3NH3SnI3 Perovskites for Solar Cell Applications'. Scientific Reports. 4 (4467): 4467. arXiv:1309.4895. Bibcode:2014NatSR..4E4467U. doi:10.1038/srep04467. PMC5394751. PMID24667758.
  67. ^Agarwal, S.; Nair, P.R. (2014-06-01). Performance optimization for Perovskite based solar cells. Photovoltaic Specialist Conference (PVSC), 2014 IEEE 40th. pp. 1515–1518. doi:10.1109/PVSC.2014.6925202. ISBN978-1-4799-4398-2.
  68. ^Agarwal, Sumanshu; Nair, Pradeep R. (2015). 'Device engineering of perovskite solar cells to achieve near ideal efficiency'. Applied Physics Letters. 107 (12): 123901. arXiv:1506.07253. Bibcode:2015ApPhL.107l3901A. doi:10.1063/1.4931130.
  69. ^Minemoto, Takashi; Murata, Masashi (2014-08-07). 'Device modeling of perovskite solar cells based on structural similarity with thin film inorganic semiconductor solar cells'. Journal of Applied Physics. 116 (5): 054505. Bibcode:2014JAP..116e4505M. doi:10.1063/1.4891982.
  70. ^Sun, Xingshu; Asadpour, R.; Nie, Wanyi; Mohite, A.D.; Alam, M.A. (2015-09-01). 'A Physics-Based Analytical Model for Perovskite Solar Cells'. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics. 5 (5): 1389–1394. arXiv:1505.05132. Bibcode:2015arXiv150505132S. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2015.2451000.
  71. ^ abEperon, Giles E.; Burlakov, Victor M.; Docampo, Pablo; Goriely, Alain; Snaith, Henry J. (2014). 'Morphological Control for High Performance, Solution-Processed Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells'. Advanced Functional Materials. 24 (1): 151–157. doi:10.1002/adfm.201302090.
  72. ^Docampo, Pablo; Ball, James M.; Darwich, Mariam; Eperon, Giles E.; Snaith, Henry J. (2013). 'Efficient organometal trihalide perovskite planar-heterojunction solar cells on flexible polymer substrates'. Nature Communications. 4: 2761. Bibcode:2013NatCo..4E2761D. doi:10.1038/ncomms3761. PMID24217714.
  73. ^You, Jingbi; Hong, Ziruo; Yang, Yang (Michael); Chen, Qi; Cai, Min; Song, Tze-Bin; Chen, Chun-Chao; Lu, Shirong; Liu, Yongsheng (February 25, 2014). 'Low-Temperature Solution-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells with High Efficiency and Flexibility'. ACS Nano. 8 (2): 1674–1680. doi:10.1021/nn406020d. PMID24386933.
  74. ^Zhang, Hong (2015). 'Pinhole-free and Surface-Nanostructured NiOx Film by Room-Temperature Solution Process for High-Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells with Good Stability and Reproducibility'. ACS Nano. 10 (1): 1503–1511. doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b07043. PMID26688212.
  75. ^ abXiao, Zhengguo; Bi, Cheng; Shao, Yuchuan; Dong, Qingfeng; Wang, Qi; Yuan, Yongbo; Wang, Chenggong; Gao, Yongli; Huang, Jinsong (2014). 'Efficient, High Yield Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices Grown by Interdiffusion of Solution-Processed Precursor Stacking Layers'. Energy & Environmental Science. 7 (8): 2619. doi:10.1039/c4ee01138d.
  76. ^Im, Jeong-Hyeok; Lee, Chang-Ryul; Lee, Jin-Wook; Park, Sang-Won; Park, Nam-Gyu (2011). '6.5% efficient perovskite quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell'. Nanoscale. 3 (10): 4088–4093. Bibcode:2011Nanos..3.4088I. doi:10.1039/C1NR10867K. PMID21897986.
  77. ^Lee, M. M.; Teuscher, J.; Miyasaka, T.; Murakami, T. N.; Snaith, H. J. (October 4, 2012). 'Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites'. Science. 338 (6107): 643–647. Bibcode:2012Sci..338.643L. doi:10.1126/science.1228604. PMID23042296.
  78. ^Hadlington, Simon (October 4, 2012). 'Perovskite coat gives hybrid solar cells a boost'. RSC Chemistry world.
  79. ^Kim, Hui-Seon; Lee, Chang-Ryul; Im, Jeong-Hyeok; Lee, Ki-Beom; Moehl, Thomas; Marchioro, Arianna; Moon, Soo-Jin; Humphry-Baker, Robin; Yum, Jun-Ho; Moser, Jacques E.; Grätzel, Michael; Park, Nam-Gyu (August 21, 2012). 'Lead Iodide Perovskite Sensitized All-Solid-State Submicron Thin Film Mesoscopic Solar Cell with Efficiency Exceeding 9%'. Scientific Reports. 2: 591. Bibcode:2012NatSR..2E.591K. doi:10.1038/srep00591. PMC3423636. PMID22912919.
  80. ^Ball, James M.; Lee, Michael M.; Hey, Andrew; Snaith, Henry J. (2013). 'Low-temperature processed meso-superstructured to thin-film perovskite solar cells'. Energy & Environmental Science. 6 (6): 1739. doi:10.1039/C3EE40810H.
  81. ^Saliba, Michael; Tan, Kwan Wee; Sai, Hiroaki; Moore, David T.; Scott, Trent; Zhang, Wei; Estroff, Lara A.; Wiesner, Ulrich; Snaith, Henry J. (July 31, 2014). 'Influence of Thermal Processing Protocol upon the Crystallization and Photovoltaic Performance of Organic–Inorganic Lead Trihalide Perovskites'. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 118 (30): 17171–17177. doi:10.1021/jp500717w.
  82. ^Tan, Kwan Wee; Moore, David T.; Saliba, Michael; Sai, Hiroaki; Estroff, Lara A.; Hanrath, Tobias; Snaith, Henry J.; Wiesner, Ulrich (May 27, 2014). 'Thermally Induced Structural Evolution and Performance of Mesoporous Block Copolymer-Directed Alumina Perovskite Solar Cells'. ACS Nano. 8 (5): 4730–4739. doi:10.1021/nn500526t. PMC4046796. PMID24684494.
  83. ^Burschka, Julian; Pellet, Norman; Moon, Soo-Jin; Humphry-Baker, Robin; Gao, Peng; Nazeeruddin, Mohammad K.; Grätzel, Michael (July 10, 2013). 'Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells'. Nature. 499 (7458): 316–319. Bibcode:2013Natur.499.316B. doi:10.1038/nature12340. PMID23842493.
  84. ^Olga Malinkiewicz, Aswani Yella, Yong Hui Lee, Guillermo Mínguez Espallargas, Michael Graetzel, Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin & Henk J. Bolink (2013). 'Perovskite solar cells employing organic charge-transport layers'. Nature Photonics. 8 (2): 128–132. Bibcode:2014NaPho..8.128M. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.341.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  85. ^Liu, Mingzhen; Johnston, Michael B.; Snaith, Henry J. (September 11, 2013). 'Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition'. Nature. 501 (7467): 395–398. Bibcode:2013Natur.501.395L. doi:10.1038/nature12509. PMID24025775.
  86. ^'The Guardian: 'The perovskite lightbulb moment for solar power''.
  87. ^Docampo, Pablo; Ball, James M.; Darwich, Mariam; Eperon, Giles E.; Snaith, Henry J. (November 12, 2013). 'Efficient organometal trihalide perovskite planar-heterojunction solar cells on flexible polymer substrates'. Nature Communications. 4: 2761. Bibcode:2013NatCo..4E2761D. doi:10.1038/ncomms3761. PMID24217714.
  88. ^Zhou, H.; Chen, Q.; Li, G.; Luo, S.; Song, T.-b.; Duan, H.-S.; Hong, Z.; You, J.; Liu, Y.; Yang, Y. (July 31, 2014). 'Interface engineering of highly efficient perovskite solar cells'. Science. 345 (6196): 542–546. Bibcode:2014Sci..345.542Z. doi:10.1126/science.1254050. PMID25082698.
  89. ^Bryant, Daniel; Aristidou, Nicholas; Pont, Sebastian; Sanchez-Molina, Irene; Chotchunangatchaval, Thana; Wheeler, Scot; Durrant, James R.; Haque, Saif A. (2016). 'Light and oxygen induced degradation limits the operational stability of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite solar cells'. Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (5): 1655–1660. doi:10.1039/C6EE00409A.
  90. ^Chun-Ren Ke, Jack; Walton, Alex S.; Lewis, David J.; Tedstone, Aleksander; O'Brien, Paul; Thomas, Andrew G.; Flavell, Wendy R. (2017-05-04). 'In situ investigation of degradation at organometal halide perovskite surfaces by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at realistic water vapour pressure'. Chem. Commun. 53 (37): 5231–5234. doi:10.1039/c7cc01538k. PMID28443866.
  91. ^Juarez-Perez, Emilio J.; Hawash, Zafer; Raga, Sonia R.; Ono, Luis K.; Qi, Yabing (2016). 'Thermal degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite into NH3 and CH3I gases observed by coupled thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry analysis'. Energy Environ. Sci. 9 (11): 3406–3410. doi:10.1039/C6EE02016J.
  92. ^Yuan, Yongbo; Wang, Qi; Shao, Yuchuan; Lu, Haidong; Li, Tao; Gruverman, Alexei; Huang, Jinsong (2016). 'Electric-Field-Driven Reversible Conversion Between Methylammonium Lead Triiodide Perovskites and Lead Iodide at Elevated Temperatures'. Advanced Energy Materials. 6 (2): 1501803. doi:10.1002/aenm.201501803.
  93. ^ abcMatteocci, Fabio; Cinà, Lucio; Lamanna, Enrico; Cacovich, Stefania; Divitini, Giorgio; Midgley, Paul A.; Ducati, Caterina; Di Carlo, Aldo (2016-12-01). 'Encapsulation for long-term stability enhancement of perovskite solar cells'. Nano Energy. 30: 162–172. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.09.041.
  94. ^Juarez-Perez, Emilio J.; Ono, Luis K.; Maeda, Maki; Jiang, Yan; Hawash, Zafer; Qi, Yabing (2018). 'Photodecomposition and thermal decomposition in methylammonium halide lead perovskites and inferred design principles to increase photovoltaic device stability'. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 6 (20): 9604–9612. doi:10.1039/C8TA03501F.
  95. ^Rolston, Nicholas; Watson, Brian L.; Bailie, Colin D.; McGehee, Michael D.; Bastos, João P.; Gehlhaar, Robert; Kim, Jueng-Eun; Vak, Doojin; Mallajosyula, Arun Tej (2016). 'Mechanical integrity of solution-processed perovskite solar cells'. Extreme Mechanics Letters. 9: 353–358. doi:10.1016/j.eml.2016.06.006.
  96. ^Li, X., Tschumi, M., Han, H., Babkair, S.S., Alzubaydi, R.A., Ansari, A.A., Habib, S.S., Nazeeruddin, M.K., Zakeeruddin, S.M., Grätzel, M. 'Outdoor Performance and Stability under Elevated Temperatures and Long-Term Light Soaking of Triple-Layer Mesoporous Perovskite Photovoltaics'. Energy Technol. 3 (2015), pp. 551–555.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  97. ^Tomas Leijtens; Giles E. Eperon; Nakita K. Noel; Severin N. Habisreutinger; Annamaria Petrozza; Henry J. Snaith. 'Stability of Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells'. Advanced Energy Materials. 5 (20 October 21, 2015).
  98. ^García-Fernández, Alberto; Juarez-Perez, Emilio J.; Castro-García, Socorro; Sánchez-Andújar, Manuel; Ono, Luis K.; Jiang, Yan; Qi, Yabing (2018). 'Benchmarking Chemical Stability of Arbitrarily Mixed 3D Hybrid Halide Perovskites for Solar Cell Applications'. Small Methods. 2 (10): 1800242. doi:10.1002/smtd.201800242. ISSN2366-9608.
  99. ^ abHabisreutinger, Severin N.; Leijtens, Tomas; Eperon, Giles E.; Stranks, Samuel D.; Nicholas, Robin J.; Snaith, Henry J. (2014). 'Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites as a Highly Stable Hole Extraction Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells'. Nano Letters. xx (x): 5561–8. Bibcode:2014NanoL.14.5561H. doi:10.1021/nl501982b. PMID25226226.
  100. ^Van Noorden, Richard (September 24, 2014). 'Cheap solar cells tempt businesses'. Nature. 513 (7519): 470. Bibcode:2014Natur.513.470V. doi:10.1038/513470a.
  101. ^ abLeijtens, Tomas; Eperon, Giles E.; Pathak, Sandeep; Abate, Antonio; Lee, Michael M.; Snaith, Henry J. (2013). 'Overcoming ultraviolet light instability of sensitized TiO₂ with meso-superstructured organometal tri-halide perovskite solar cells'. Nature Communications. 6: 2885. Bibcode:2013NatCo..4E2885L. doi:10.1038/ncomms3885. PMID24301460.
  102. ^Pisoni, Andrea; Jaćimović, Jaćim; Barišić, Osor S.; Spina, Massimo; Gaál, Richard; Forró, László; Horváth, Endre (July 17, 2014). 'Ultra-Low Thermal Conductivity in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3'. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 5 (14): 2488–2492. arXiv:1407.4931. doi:10.1021/jz5012109. PMID26277821.
  103. ^Zhang, Hong; Cheng, Jiaqi; Lin, Francis; He, Hexiang; Mao, Jian; Wong, Kam Sing; Jen, Alex K.-Y.; Choy, Wallace C. H. (2016). 'Pinhole-Free and Surface-Nanostructured NiOxFilm by Room-Temperature Solution Process for High-Performance Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells with Good Stability and Reproducibility'. ACS Nano. 10 (1): 1503–1511. doi:10.1021/acsnano.5b07043. PMID26688212.
  104. ^You, Jingbi; Meng, Lei; Song, Tze-Bin; Guo, Tzung-Fang; Yang, Yang (Michael); Chang, Wei-Hsuan; Hong, Ziruo; Chen, Huajun; Zhou, Huanping (2015). 'Improved air stability of perovskite solar cells via solution-processed metal oxide transport layers'. Nature Nanotechnology. 11 (1): 75–81. Bibcode:2016NatNa.11..75Y. doi:10.1038/nnano.2015.230. PMID26457966.
  105. ^ abFederico Bella; Gianmarco Griffini; Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena; Guido Saracco; Michael Grätzel; Anders Hagfeldt; Stefano Turri; Claudio Gerbaldi (2016). 'Improving efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells with photocurable fluoropolymers'. Science. 354 (6309): 203–206. Bibcode:2016Sci..354.203B. doi:10.1126/science.aah4046. PMID27708051.
  106. ^Sivaram, Varun; Stranks, Samuel D.; Snaith, Henry J. (2015). 'Outshining Silicon'. Scientific American. 313 (July 2015): 44–46. Bibcode:2015SciAm.313a.54S. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0715-54.
  107. ^G. Grancini, C. Roldán-Carmona, I. Zimmermann, E. Mosconi, X. Lee, D. Martineau, S. Narbey, F. Oswald, F. De Angelis, M. Graetzel & Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin (2017). 'One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering'. Nature Communications. 8 (15684): 15684. Bibcode:2017NatCo..815684G. doi:10.1038/ncomms15684. PMC5461484. PMID28569749.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  108. ^Ana Milena Cruz; Mónica Della Perreira (April 2018). 'The New Generation of Photovoltaic Cells Entering the Market, Leitat, Barcelona, April 12, 2018'.
  109. ^Watson, Brian L.; Rolston, Nicholas; Printz, Adam D.; Dauskardt, Reinhold H. (2017). 'Scaffold-reinforced perovskite compound solar cells'. Energy Environ. Sci. 10 (12): 2500. doi:10.1039/c7ee02185b.
  110. ^ abcSnaith, Henry J.; Abate, Antonio; Ball, James M.; Eperon, Giles E.; Leijtens, Tomas; Noel, Nakita K.; Wang, Jacob Tse-Wei; Wojciechowski, Konrad; Zhang, Wei; Zhang, Wei (2014). 'Anomalous Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells'. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 5 (9): 1511–1515. doi:10.1021/jz500113x. PMID26270088.
  111. ^ abcdUnger, Eva L.; Hoke, Eric T.; Bailie, Colin D.; Nguyen, William H.; Bowring, Andrea R.; Heumuller, Thomas; Christoforo, Mark G.; McGehee, Michael D. (2014). 'Hysteresis and transient behavior in current-voltage measurements of hybrid-perovskite absorber solar cells'. Energy & Environmental Science. 7 (11): 3690–3698. doi:10.1039/C4EE02465F.
  112. ^Noel, Nakita K; Abate, Antonio; Stranks, Samuel D.; Parrott, Elizabeth S.; Burlakov, Victor M.; Goriely, Alain; Snaith, Henry J. (2014). 'Enhanced Photoluminescence and Solar Cell Performance via Lewis Base Passivation of Organic–Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites'. ACS Nano. 8 (10): 9815–9821. doi:10.1021/nn5036476. PMID25171692.
  113. ^Abate, Antonio; Saliba, Michael; Hollman, Derek J.; Stranks, Samuel D.; Wojciechowski, Konrad; Avolio, Roberto; Grancini, Giulia; Petrozza, Annamaria; Snaith, Henry J. (June 11, 2014). 'Supramolecular Halogen Bond Passivation of Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite Solar Cells'. Nano Letters. 14 (6): 3247–3254. Bibcode:2014NanoL.14.3247A. doi:10.1021/nl500627x. PMID24787646.
  114. ^Zimmermann, Eugen; Wong, Ka Kan; Mueller, Michael; Hu, Hao; Ehrenreich, Philipp; Kohlstaedt, Markus; Würfel, Uli; Mastroianni, Simone; Mathiazhagan, Gayathri; Hinsch, Andreas; Gujar, Tanji P.; Thelakkat, Mukundan; Pfadler, Thomas; Schmidt-Mende, Lukas (2016). 'Characterization of perovskite solar cells: Towards a reliable measurement protocol'. APL Materials. 4 (9): 091901. Bibcode:2016APLM..4i1901Z. doi:10.1063/1.4960759.
  115. ^Zimmermann, Eugen. 'GitHub Repository'. GitHub.
  116. ^Rühle, Sven (2017). 'The detailed balance limit of perovskite/silicon and perovskite/CdTe tandem solar cells'. Physica Status Solidi A. 214 (5): 1600955. Bibcode:2017PSSAR.21400955R. doi:10.1002/pssa.201600955.
  117. ^Werner, Jérémie; Niesen, Bjoern; Ballif, Christophe (January 2018). 'Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Marriage of Convenience or True Love Story? – An Overview'. Advanced Materials Interfaces. 5 (1): 1700731. doi:10.1002/admi.201700731.
  118. ^Chen, Bo; Zheng, Xiaopeng; Bai, Yang; Padture, Nitin P.; Huang, Jinsong (July 2017). 'Progress in Tandem Solar Cells Based on Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskites'. Advanced Energy Materials. 7 (14): 1602400. doi:10.1002/aenm.201602400.
  119. ^Lal, Niraj N.; Dkhissi, Yasmina; Li, Wei; Hou, Qicheng; Cheng, Yi-Bing; Bach, Udo (September 2017). 'Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells'. Advanced Energy Materials. 7 (18): 1602761. doi:10.1002/aenm.201602761.
  120. ^Bailie, Colin D.; Christoforo, M. Greyson; Mailoa, Jonathan P.; Bowring, Andrea R.; Unger, Eva L.; Nguyen, William H.; Burschka, Julian; Pellet, Norman; Lee, Jungwoo Z.; Grätzel, Michael; Noufi, Rommell; Buonassisi, Tonio; Salleo, Alberto; McGehee, Michael D. (2015). 'Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells for tandems with silicon and CIGS'. Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (3): 956–963. doi:10.1039/c4ee03322a.
  121. ^Löper, Philipp; Moon, Soo-Jin; Nicolas, Sílvia Martín de; Niesen, Bjoern; Ledinsky, Martin; Nicolay, Sylvain; Bailat, Julien; Yum, Jun-Ho; Wolf, Stefaan De (2015). 'Organic–inorganic halide perovskite/crystalline silicon four-terminal tandem solar cells'. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 17 (3): 1619–1629. Bibcode:2014PCCP..17.1619L. doi:10.1039/c4cp03788j. PMID25437303.
  122. ^Werner, Jérémie; Dubuis, Guy; Walter, Arnaud; Löper, Philipp; Moon, Soo-Jin; Nicolay, Sylvain; Morales-Masis, Monica; De Wolf, Stefaan; Niesen, Bjoern; Ballif, Christophe (October 2015). 'Sputtered rear electrode with broadband transparency for perovskite solar cells'. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 141: 407–413. doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2015.06.024.
  123. ^Duong, The; Lal, Niraj; Grant, Dale; Jacobs, Daniel; Zheng, Peiting; Rahman, Shakir; Shen, Heping; Stocks, Matthew; Blakers, Andrew; Weber, Klaus; White, Thomas P.; Catchpole, Kylie R. (May 2016). 'Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cell With Sputtered Front and Rear Electrodes for a Four-Terminal Tandem'. IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics. 6 (3): 679–687. doi:10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2521479.
  124. ^Werner, Jérémie; Barraud, Loris; Walter, Arnaud; Bräuninger, Matthias; Sahli, Florent; Sacchetto, Davide; Tétreault, Nicolas; Paviet-Salomon, Bertrand; Moon, Soo-Jin; Allebé, Christophe; Despeisse, Matthieu; Nicolay, Sylvain; De Wolf, Stefaan; Niesen, Bjoern; Ballif, Christophe (3 August 2016). 'Efficient Near-Infrared-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells Enabling Direct Comparison of 4-Terminal and Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Cells'. ACS Energy Letters. 1 (2): 474–480. doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.6b00254.
  125. ^ abDuong, The; Wu, YiLiang; Shen, Heping; Peng, Jun; Fu, Xiao; Jacobs, Daniel; Wang, Er-Chien; Kho, Teng Choon; Fong, Kean Chern; Stocks, Matthew; Franklin, Evan; Blakers, Andrew; Zin, Ngwe; McIntosh, Keith; Li, Wei; Cheng, Yi-Bing; White, Thomas P.; Weber, Klaus; Catchpole, Kylie (July 2017). 'Rubidium Multication Perovskite with Optimized Bandgap for Perovskite-Silicon Tandem with over 26% Efficiency'. Advanced Energy Materials. 7 (14): 1700228. doi:10.1002/AENM.201700228.
  126. ^Ramírez Quiroz, César Omar; Shen, Yilei; Salvador, Michael; Forberich, Karen; Schrenker, Nadine; Spyropoulos, George D.; Heumüller, Thomas; Wilkinson, Benjamin; Kirchartz, Thomas; Spiecker, Erdmann; Verlinden, Pierre J.; Zhang, Xueling; Green, Martin A.; Ho-Baillie, Anita; Brabec, Christoph J. (2018). 'Balancing electrical and optical losses for efficient 4-terminal Si–perovskite solar cells with solution processed percolation electrodes'. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 6 (8): 3583–3592. doi:10.1039/C7TA10945H.
  127. ^Shen, Heping; Duong, The; Peng, Jun; Jacobs, Daniel; Wu, Nandi; Gong, Junbo; Wu, Yiliang; Karuturi, Siva Krishna; Fu, Xiao; Weber, Klaus; Xiao, Xudong; White, Thomas P.; Catchpole, Kylie (2018). 'Mechanically-stacked perovskite/CIGS tandem solar cells with efficiency of 23.9% and reduced oxygen sensitivity'. Energy & Environmental Science. 11 (2): 394–406. doi:10.1039/C7EE02627G.
  128. ^Mailoa, Jonathan P.; Bailie, Colin D.; Johlin, Eric C.; Hoke, Eric T.; Akey, Austin J.; Nguyen, William H.; McGehee, Michael D.; Buonassisi, Tonio (2015-03-23). 'A 2-terminal perovskite/silicon multijunction solar cell enabled by a silicon tunnel junction'. Applied Physics Letters. 106 (12): 121105. Bibcode:2015ApPhL.106l1105M. doi:10.1063/1.4914179.
  129. ^Albrecht, Steve; Saliba, Michael; Correa Baena, Juan Pablo; Lang, Felix; Kegelmann, Lukas; Mews, Mathias; Steier, Ludmilla; Abate, Antonio; Rappich, Jörg; Korte, Lars; Schlatmann, Rutger; Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja; Hagfeldt, Anders; Grätzel, Michael; Rech, Bernd (2016). 'Monolithic perovskite/silicon-heterojunction tandem solar cells processed at low temperature'. Energy & Environmental Science. 9 (1): 81–88. doi:10.1039/C5EE02965A.
  130. ^Werner, Jérémie; Weng, Ching-Hsun; Walter, Arnaud; Fesquet, Luc; Seif, Johannes Peter; De Wolf, Stefaan; Niesen, Bjoern; Ballif, Christophe (24 December 2015). 'Efficient Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cell with Cell Area >1 cm'. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 7 (1): 161–166. doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02686. PMID26687850.
  131. ^Bush, Kevin A.; Bailie, Colin D.; Chen, Ye; Bowring, Andrea R.; Wang, Wei; Ma, Wen; Leijtens, Tomas; Moghadam, Farhad; McGehee, Michael D. (May 2016). 'Thermal and Environmental Stability of Semi-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells for Tandems Enabled by a Solution-Processed Nanoparticle Buffer Layer and Sputtered ITO Electrode'. Advanced Materials. 28 (20): 3937–3943. doi:10.1002/adma.201505279. PMID26880196.
  132. ^Bush, Kevin A.; Palmstrom, Axel F.; Yu, Zhengshan J.; Boccard, Mathieu; Cheacharoen, Rongrong; Mailoa, Jonathan P.; McMeekin, David P.; Hoye, Robert L. Z.; Bailie, Colin D.; Leijtens, Tomas; Peters, Ian Marius; Minichetti, Maxmillian C.; Rolston, Nicholas; Prasanna, Rohit; Sofia, Sarah; Harwood, Duncan; Ma, Wen; Moghadam, Farhad; Snaith, Henry J.; Buonassisi, Tonio; Holman, Zachary C.; Bent, Stacey F.; McGehee, Michael D. (2017). '23.6%-efficient monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with improved stability'. Nature Energy. 2 (4): 17009. Bibcode:2017NatEn..217009B. doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.9.
  133. ^Sahli, Florent; Werner, Jérémie; Kamino, Brett A.; Bräuninger, Matthias; Monnard, Raphaël; Paviet-Salomon, Bertrand; Barraud, Loris; Ding, Laura; Diaz Leon, Juan J.; Sacchetto, Davide; Cattaneo, Gianluca; Despeisse, Matthieu; Boccard, Mathieu; Nicolay, Sylvain; Jeangros, Quentin; Niesen, Bjoern; Ballif, Christophe (11 June 2018). 'Fully textured monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 25.2% power conversion efficiency'. Nature Materials. 17 (9): 820–826. Bibcode:2018NatMa.17.820S. doi:10.1038/s41563-018-0115-4. PMID29891887.
  134. ^Osborne, Mark (June 25, 2018) Oxford PV takes record perovskite tandem solar cell to 27.3% conversion efficiency. pv-tech.org
  135. ^Schneider, Bennett W.; Lal, Niraj N.; Baker-Finch, Simeon; White, Thomas P. (2014-10-20). 'Pyramidal surface textures for light trapping and antireflection in perovskite-on-silicon tandem solar cells'. Optics Express. 22 (S6): A1422–30. Bibcode:2014OExpr.22A1422S. doi:10.1364/oe.22.0a1422. PMID25607299.
  136. ^Filipič, Miha; Löper, Philipp; Niesen, Bjoern; Wolf, Stefaan De; Krč, Janez; Ballif, Christophe; Topič, Marko (2015-04-06). 'CH_3NH_3PbI_3 perovskite / silicon tandem solar cells: characterization based optical simulations'. Optics Express. 23 (7): A263–78. Bibcode:2015OExpr.23A.263F. doi:10.1364/oe.23.00a263. PMID25968792.
  137. ^Asadpour, Reza; Chavali, Raghu V. K.; Khan, M. Ryyan; Alam, Muhammad A. (2015). 'Bifacial Si heterojunction-perovskite organic-inorganic tandem to produce highly efficient (ηT* ∼ 33%) solar cell'. Applied Physics Letters. 106 (24): 243902. arXiv:1506.01039. Bibcode:2015ApPhL.106x3902A. doi:10.1063/1.4922375.
  138. ^Manners, David. (2016-05-25) Electronics Weekly. Electronics Weekly. Retrieved on 2018-04-11.
  139. ^Eperon, Giles E.; Leijtens, Tomas; Bush, Kevin A.; Prasanna, Rohit; Green, Thomas; Wang, Jacob Tse-Wei; McMeekin, David P.; Volonakis, George; Milot, Rebecca L. (2016-11-18). 'Perovskite-perovskite tandem photovoltaics with optimized band gaps'. Science. 354 (6314): 861–865. arXiv:1608.03920. Bibcode:2016Sci..354.861E. doi:10.1126/science.aaf9717. PMID27856902.
  140. ^Zhao, Dewei; Yu, Yue; Wang, Changlei; Liao, Weiqiang; Shrestha, Niraj; Grice, Corey R.; Cimaroli, Alexander J.; Guan, Lei; Ellingson, Randy J. (2017). 'Low-bandgap mixed tin–lead iodide perovskite absorbers with long carrier lifetimes for all-perovskite tandem solar cells'. Nature Energy. 2 (4): 17018. Bibcode:2017NatEn..217018Z. doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.18.

Chng Ch Ch Tri Kim Nh Live

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perovskite_solar_cell&oldid=902090035'

Comments are closed.